Abbott carries on the Howard project — unfortunately for Australia
In a 2002 speech, former Prime Minister Paul Keating
decried the ugly rhetoric and divisive partisan politics of John
Howard. With a few name changes, it could easily have been written about
the Abbott Government today.
MANY OF YOU have been attending the Weekend of Ideas, hosted over the past three days by Manning Clark House, of which this is the final session.
I am delighted to be part of it. Because out here, on the edge of
Asia, a long way from major markets and natural groupings, ideas are all
Australia has to shield itself from the harsh winds of global change.
Not military might, or a large population, or unique resources. Just ideas.
Ideas are what must sustain our democracy, nurture our community and
drive our economy into new areas so we can cope with the challenges I
will be talking about tonight.
I first met Manning Clark in the early 1980s.
I used to visit him in that little birdcage of a room on the roof of
his house where he retired to think and write. That face of craggy
desiccation looking out on Australia, a country which he did so much
simply to interpret, but by his interpretation, to shape.
I was always amused by the view put about by some conservatives that Manning was the house historian of the Keating Government.
Anyone who spent time in his presence knew that he was no economic
rationalist. He would have regarded financial-sector deregulation or tax
reform with suspicion or indifference. And he was always much more
mystical than Marxist.
But I’ll come back to Manning and his contribution later.
I want to talk first about his great theme — Australia, and how we,
with all our human foibles, come to terms with our lives on this
continent.
After the election result was clear in 1996, I made the remark that when the government changes, the country changes.
I was making the unfashionable point that politics matter: that by
their actions and words, our political leaders powerfully shape the sort
of country Australia is.
I was saying that whatever voters might have been entitled to draw
from the bland me-tooism of Liberal-policy pronouncements during that
election campaign, Australia would be different afterwards.
And, six years on, it is more different than even I imagined.
The last time I spoke here at the National Library was in August 1993 at its twenty-fifth-anniversary dinner. I said then, partly by way of tribute to Sir John Gorton who had opened the Library, that I believed that change – some of which the Gorton Government had set in motion – had "won a resounding victory" in Australia.
I said:
"We have seen the remarkable growth of tolerant, creative
cultural pluralism and all the riches this has brought Australia . . .
the xenophobia has largely gone."
Well, over the past five or six years there is no doubt that the
reactionaries have fought back. The tolerance looks frailer and the
xenophobia more robust.
From those first claims in the 1996 election that our national objective should be to become "relaxed and comfortable" to the fear-mongering about borders in the 2001 campaign, this Government has consistently looked both inward and backward.
The last campaign was fought overtly about closing the borders and
keeping people out, but symbolically that idea has been the sustaining
policy theme of the Howard years.
They have been trying to pull up the drawbridge, but they have failed to understand that moats cannot keep us safe anymore.
The period of reaction began with the flirtation with Hansonism and the pretence that the blatant racism was really all to do with freedom of speech.
We have seen, ever since, from the government and its coterie of
columnists, the repetitive use of demonising language: ‘the Aboriginal
industry’, ‘welfare rorters’, ‘queue jumpers’, ‘political correctness’,
‘elites’ and ‘chattering classes’.
The emphasis is exclusionary. It’s an effort in part to stigmatise
those who are destitute or stateless as having somehow brought it upon
themselves. The approach is a manifestation of the growing tendency of
contented bourgeois societies all over the world to express their
extremism around matters of inclusion and especially citizenship. Who is
in and who is out. Who belongs to our community and who doesn’t.
Much cleverer people than Pauline Hanson have since joined the game in Australia. People with fewer excuses than small shopkeepers in troubled regional towns.
For example, Professor Wolfgang Kasper told the readers of Quadrant
a couple of months ago – Quadrant readers may be few in number, but
they do know what they like – that Muslim immigrants to Australia
brought unacceptably high ‘transaction costs’. They are not People Like Us.
He was echoed in the press not long later by John Stone.
This was the central message behind that infamous advertisement during the last election campaign:
"We have the right to decide who comes to this country."
Once the language has been debased and the people marginalised, it is
much easier to convince voters that asylum-seekers are prepared to
sacrifice their children or are terrorists. That it is acceptable in
Australia for children to be locked away, out of sight, in desert camps
and treated like prisoners.
The numbing effect of this is that we are at risk of becoming, as
Manning once said, subjects in the kingdom of nothingness. Subjects of a
post-Christian, post-Enlightenment world where there is no inspiration,
no higher endeavour, little compassion and no belief beyond narrow
self-interest. Like members of a gated community we pretend, in our
comfortable urban solace, that all is well — including all around us.
Manning used to say that Australian public life broke into two groups: the enlargers, and the punishers and straighteners.
As the incarcerated asylum-seekers at Woomera can attest, this Government is well and truly into the punishing and straightening game.
There has long been an inbuilt tension in Australian approaches to
immigration — between the idea that our immigration policy is basically
about patrolling our perimeter to keep people out and the reality that
we need to attract good immigrants to help us develop the country,
people who are doing us a service into the bargain.
It’s the latter view that has to prevail.
Televised pictures of asylum-seekers in camps and news reports of our
treatment of refugees are doing us far more damage in terms of the
message they send to skilled young people the world over than whatever
spurious deterrent benefits they may be thought to have against
so-called ‘queue jumpers’ or illegal immigrants. The notion that
Australia is suspicious of foreigners is a damaging idea to put out in a
world that is becoming smaller and more interdependent.
In few areas of policy has the change in Australia’s view of itself
been clearer than in the attitude the country brings to foreign policy
generally and to Asia in particular.
Members of this government claimed that as Prime Minister, I was
pursuing an Asia-only policy. Of course that was never true. We had a
more effective relationship with the United States than the current
Coalition has and a position with European governments of real standing.
But we did believe that all Australia’s vital interests coalesced in
Asia. That Australia needed to find its security in Asia, not from Asia.
But it was always Australian interests we were talking about, not Asian
ones.
The Howard Government came to office proclaiming – more code – that Australia did not have to choose between its geography and its history.
As though you can ever choose between those two fixed realities.
The only thing we can choose is our future — and this is where the country has been let down.
The current Government brings to its relations with Asia a policy
only of benign neglect and tokenism. They believed they could send one
message to the outside world and another to the domestic audience. But
in the information age, you can’t get away with this duplicity.
From the time Gough Whitlam
got the fire hose out to clean the postcolonial sludge from Australian
foreign policy, an essential bipartisanship obtained in Australia about
our view of the world.
The political parties might differ on ways and means of getting
there, or about the handling of particular issues, but the direction we
were headed in, the nature of Australian interests in the world, were
agreed.
That bipartisanship fell apart with John Howard. The Howard Government has subordinated foreign policy to domestic policy to an unprecedented and dangerous degree.
We’ve seen it in the jingoism after the Timor intervention, in the withdrawal from UN committees which had the temerity to criticise government policy. And it had its most recent manifestation in the Tampa and the ‘Pacific Solution’
— and isn’t that phrase a good example of the capacity of this
government to get political double-speak accepted in public discourse.
It was on view again in interesting ways during John Howard’s latest
visit to Jakarta. The visit where journalists in the press party were
told it was all a success, while officials were insulting President Megawati
and telling favourite journalists that the prime minister would
probably never return there. One of the themes of press briefings during
the visit – at least those that did not consist of gratuitous
off-the-record insults to Indonesia and its leaders –was criticism of my
alleged obsession with Indonesia.
The only obsession has been their obsession with me.
I believe the Government’s problems with foreign policy stem from its
own insecurity; from a defensive and uncertain view of Australia and
its place in the world. A sense that we should know our place, that we
shouldn’t get ideas above our station. A Government that has little faith in Australians or what they are capable of.
We saw it clearly in John Howard’s agreement to the assertion that Australia’s role in the region was to be the deputy sheriff.
The deputy sheriff!
I’d have more respect for him if he’d wanted to pin the silver star
on his own lapel and gallop off at the head of the posse. But that is
not where Australia goes under the Howard regime.
The changes in Australia since 1996 have not just been in ways of
thinking. Australia’s institutions have also been eroded in dangerous
ways.
There is something odd about Australian conservatives. It is that, in some important ways, they aren’t conservatives at all.
Whatever else you say about conservative political philosophies, you
can usually rely upon their followers to cherish institutions of state.
It’s true of the different brands of conservatism in Britain and the
United States. Whether it’s the American constitution or the British
House of Lords, they want to keep and preserve them, to defend them from
enemies and often from friends as well.
Out here, though, we’ve ended up with conservatives who treat the institutions of state with contempt.
From the High Court to the Australian public service to the
Australian Defence Force to the nature of the Governor Generalship, the
Howard Government has been damaging those institutions rather than
preserving them. Undermining them, not defending them.
The Coalition has a contemptuous disregard for convention – the
etiquette – that has grown around us and which provides the binding for
our social and political life.
Political parties and leaders are in most respects the custodians of
these mores. Wise governments not only guard that which we all cherish,
they try to polish and hone things into the bargain. This notion, the
current government regards as old hat.
John Howard is no respecter of conventions. He was not a principal player in 1975 in the Senate’s outrageous conduct, but he did not demur either.
And now, as prime minister, he can effect a much more certain
influence in matters, he disregards convention to the service of his
political convenience.
Let me begin with the Governor General. I said at the time of Dr Hollingworth’s
appointment that it was in my view an error of judgement to appoint a
churchman to the position. I made the point that had I sought to appoint
someone like the former and now retired Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal Clancy, there would have been an outcry from Howard and the conservatives.
Apart from the issue of principle at stake in mixing church and
state, John Howard knows as well as anyone in contemporary politics that
it is really only since the end of the 1970s that we have buried sectarianism in this country in any substantial way.
In my lifetime I saw advertisements in the Sydney Morning Herald saying ‘Catholics need not apply’.
We are blessed to be rid of this stuff. All of us. Why would you take a
chance on any of it rearing its ugly head, given that these days there
are a lot of ugly heads around? Nevertheless, John Howard was prepared
to give the cage a rattle.
As far as Dr Hollingworth himself goes, history is perhaps going to
be the more important judge of his tenure. But without waiting for the
history I think we can say with full confidence that apart from the
initial error of judgement in seeking to appoint a churchman to this
position, John Howard did not even adequately determine, as he should
have, personally, the suitability of Dr Hollingworth for the job.
Dr Hollingworth is not just a victim of his own circumstances, he is a victim of John Howard’s judgement.
A Prime Minister must approach major appointments with
conscientiousness and much forethought and take responsibility for his
decisions.
But the appointment of the Governor General is not where the government’s disregard for institutions ends.
We have witnessed the scandalous attacks on the High Court over the Wik judgement. These people say they believe in the rule of law, except the laws they do not like.
And that ‘good fellow’ Tim Fischer, was not so good a fellow when he was attacking the High Court and the Chief Justice for all he was worth.
Contrast that with the Labor Government, which was thrown one of the
greatest curve balls in constitutional history when the High Court
declared that native title emanated from the common law of Australia but
gave no indication of what it was, who had it or how it could be
obtained.
But, unlike this government, the Labor Government celebrated the
essential justice of the Court’s judgement and did everything to make
the decision work. It didn’t leave the Court out in the cold, out on a
limb. It devoted two years to building, from the ground up, a massive
piece of property and cultural law.
Canberra, above all other cities, understands the wider meaning of
the shocking revelations we have heard about the institutional and, in
some cases, personal behaviour of the public service and the ADF during
the boat-people scandal. And I don’t choose the word ‘shocking’ lightly.
We have seen how far the Australian public service has been cowed. It has been politicised well beyond any point we have known in the past.
I worked for over 13 years as a minister and as prime minister with
men and women in the public service. I liked and admired Australian
officials. I admired the integrity of their efforts. Most of what we
accomplished in those years could not have been done without their
skills and commitment. They served the government loyally but understood
that the highest manifestation of that loyalty was their ability to
advise fearlessly without recrimination or rebuke.
Michael Keating, for example, or Mike Codd before him, or Chris Higgins, or Bernie Fraser,
never did, and never would have, regarded themselves as political
strategists for the prime minister or the treasurer. They would not have
seen their role as preserving the impression of ignorance among
ministers about a matter at the centre of an election campaign simply
because the truth might be politically inconvenient.
The government is to blame for the shameless politicisation of the
public service. It fired off the warning shots within days of coming to
office with the unprecedented dismissal of six departmental secretaries.
It changed the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet into a de
facto extension of the Prime Minister’s political office.
And the Government is to blame for the way it has used the armed
forces for flag-waving political purposes and seduced senior officers
into political service, thereby creating a dangerous void around the
ADF.
But the blame does not end with the government and its appointees. It
also rests with individual public servants and military officers who
did not do their duty in a period of political tension or who found it
convenient not to enquire too much.
It is impossible to imagine any reviews of public-service standards
and performance being generated from within the government or from
central public-service institutions. Such reviews will have to come from
self-reflection within the service, from parliamentary oversight and
from public and media discussion. And it is essential that that happens.
But the attack on institutions and our conventions is even wider than that.
We have seen a chairman of the national broadcaster introduce the head of government to a political fundraiser.
A chairman of the Broadcasting Authority campaign with the prime minister in an emotive referendum and attack his newspaper critics in public speeches. The same chairman who is in the press defending the current Governor General in the matters of controversy surrounding him.
The concept that a statutory officeholder owes allegiance to the
country and not just the government that appointed him is regarded as
simply irrelevant and old-fashioned.
It is not proper and it is not right, but to this government
everything is to be chewed up in its determination to win at all costs.
The government lied its way through an election campaign about a matter of central consequence and then sought to stonewall its way out of it. And when Admiral Barrie, the Chief of the Defence Force, finally ‘fessed up’,
the prime minister, brazen as brass, said Admiral Barrie enjoyed his
full confidence, even though Barrie’s admission destroyed the integrity
of a central factor in the Prime Minister’s election campaign.
The Howard Government reserves the right to make a hero of a general
when it suits them and a fool of an admiral when it suits them. And
pawns of the whole Defence Force whenever it fits their convenience.
John Howard does not understand that the moral basis of our politics
has to be protected and nurtured. The moral gutting in the way our
affairs have been recently run will exact costs down through history.
Governments have to be wise enough and decent enough to know that
such fraying is hard to stabilise once started and that such opportunism
must be desisted with.
This is an abridged version of the Third Annual Manning Clark Lecture by P J Keating, Canberra, 3 March 2002, reproduced from keating.org.au. Read the full version here.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Australia License
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