How crusade to end ‘age of entitlement’ replaced ‘war on poverty’

US president Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Medicare Bill into law
in 1965, one of a suite of policies aimed at ending poverty in America.
LBJ Library

2014 marks the 50th anniversary of president Lyndon Johnson’s “War on Poverty” in the United States. Whatever people might think of Johnson’s actions in southeast Asia, it’s worth pausing to remember his other war: to secure a social safety net at home.

Within the space of a couple of years, Johnson introduced the Economic Opportunity Act (1964), the Food Stamp Act (1964), the Civil Rights Act (1964), the Social Security Act amendments creating Medicare and Medicaid (1965) and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965). He increased funding for social security pensions, unemployment compensation, public housing and Aid to Families with Dependent Children.

In the space of five years, official poverty rates
in the US dropped from 19% to 12.1%. Child poverty fell from 23% to
14%. But at the end of those five years Johnson was gone and a new war
had begun: the war on welfare.

The anniversary comes at a significant time for Australians. While in
opposition in 2012, then-shadow treasurer Joe Hockey had promised to
end “the age of entitlement”
in Australia. The May budget – Hockey’s first as treasurer – is a big
step on what may be a long road. But the US is much further down that
road, and the Nixon administration started the journey in 1969.

Ending entitlement

Richard Nixon replaced Johnson during a period of severe economic
downturn. The escalating Vietnam War effort had pushed the US budget
into a US$25.2 billion deficit
in 1968, the highest by far since World War Two. Gross federal debt had
risen almost 100%, while military expenditures gave rise to inflation,
causing the price of US goods to increase and overseas markets to
disappear. The US experienced its first stagflation.

Stagflation cast doubt over the prevailing Keynesian theory of demand management. The New Right broke into mainstream economics at this time, offering “small state” solutions. One of this group’s leading figures, Milton Friedman,
blamed legal minimum wages and minimum prices, social security programs
and “so-called public housing” for the economic crisis.

Friedman consulted to the Nixon administration, while Nixon employed prominent sociologist Daniel P. Moynihan
as Head of Urban Affairs. While Friedman linked the economic crisis to
the welfare state, Moynihan toured the country explaining that welfare
itself was in crisis. He said licentious poverty relief had caused
rioting, disorder and the disintegration of (mostly black) American
families.

By the time Nixon came up for re-election, anti-welfare rhetoric was a vote winner. His second campaign centred on “small government”, asking voters to choose between welfare cuts or higher taxes. He told his cabinet:

People are for spending … You have to hit on higher
taxes. By cutting the budget back, we are avoiding more taxes and that’s
the line we have to use.

Nixon dismantled most of the agencies of Johnson’s War on Poverty. Ronald Reagan, also advised by Friedman, made further progress. Bill Clinton, in a show of bipartisanship, set about to “end welfare as we have come to know it” by introducing Workfare and lifetime welfare limits of 60 months under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Act.

And now the House Republicans’ 2015 budget
wants to claw back government spending by US$5.1 trillion over the next
ten years - and 60% of this will come from welfare and training
programs for the poor.

Changing the mood

Once citizens lose entitlements, it’s difficult to get them back.
Even harder is bringing people back to entitlement, especially if talk
of welfare conjures an imaginary straight line to tax hikes, economic
crisis and social breakdown.

Treasurer Joe Hockey, much like former US president Richard Nixon, is using claims of a budget emergency to cut welfare.
AAP/Dan Himbrechts

Barack Obama learnt this the hard way when he pushed through the Affordable Care Act,
expanding coverage of Medicaid and providing subsidies for purchasing
health insurance, on a sliding scale, for people earning up to 400% of
the poverty line. This is hardly the “socialist utopia” Fox News host Bill O’Reilly suggested.

It may seem strange to Australians, but a slight majority of
Americans (51%) didn’t want to help the poor purchase health cover.
While 91% of black Americans supported the Affordable Care Act, only 29% of white Americans did.
Among the common reasons were fear of higher taxes and a belief that
there should be “no entitlement to government assistance”.

Lessons for Australia

The debate around welfare is ideological and partisan, no matter what
country you’re in. Ideology doesn’t change much. Social democrats
support welfare. Neoliberals don’t, or only accept it in a very limited
form. Success, either way, depends on the circumstances.

Like Nixon, Hockey is using an economic crisis to achieve cuts to
welfare. Only this time there is no economic crisis. If we believe
respected economists like Saul Eslake, there’s not even a budget emergency. But that won’t stop the Australian government from pushing.

America may be much further down the road, but it looks like Australia will be heading in the same direction.

Sunday 6 July 2014